Monotone Convergence Theorem

Theorem (Limit of Measurable Functions is Measurable)

Let (X,F,μ)(X,\mathcal{F},\mu) be a measure space. Let (fn)n∈N(f_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} be a sequence of measurable functions, fn:X→Rf_{n}:X\to \mathbb{R}. Let f:X→Rf:X\to \mathbb{R} be such that fn→ff_{n}\to f pointwise, then f:X→R is measurablef:X\to \mathbb{R}\text{ is measurable}

Theorem (1.26)

Let (fn)n∈N(f_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} be a sequence of measurable functions, fn:X→R+f_{n}:X\to \mathbb{R}^{+} in measure space (X,F,μ)(X,\mathcal{F},\mu). Assume fn↑ff_{n}\uparrow f pointwise i.e. 0≤f0≤f1≤⋯≤fn≤…f0\le f_{0}\le f_{1}\le\dots\le f_{n}\le\dots fthen, lim⁡n→∞∫Xfn dμ=∫Xf dμ\lim_{ n \to \infty } \int\limits _{X}f_{n} \, d\mu=\int\limits _{X}f \, d\mu

\begin{proof} First we note using the fact that that ff is measurable.

Then, since 0≤fn≤fn+10\le f_{n}\le f_{n+1} ∀n\forall n, then 0≤∫fn dμ≤∫fn+1 dμ0\le\int\limits f_{n} \, d\mu\le\int\limits f_{n+1} \, d\mu since ν\nu is a measure. Hence, (∫fn dμ)n∈N\left( \int\limits f_{n} \, d\mu \right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}} has a limit in Rˉ\bar{\mathbb{R}}.

Now let α=lim⁡n→∞(∫fn dμ)∈Rˉ\alpha=\lim_{ n \to \infty }\left( \int\limits f_{n} \, d\mu \right)\in \bar{\mathbb{R}}, we WTS ∫f dμ=α\int\limits f \, d\mu =\alpha


Since ∀n≥1\forall n\ge 1, 0≤fn≤f0\le f_{n}\le f then 0≤∫fn dμ≤∫f dμ0≤lim⁡n→∞∫fn dμ≤∫f dμ0≤α≤∫f dμ\begin{gather} 0\le &\int\limits f_{n} \, d\mu &\le &\int\limits f \, d\mu \\ 0\le &\lim_{ n \to \infty } \int\limits f_{n} \, d\mu &\le &\int\limits f \, d\mu\\ 0\le &\alpha &\le &\int\limits f \, d\mu \end{gather}Now TS α≥∫f dμ\alpha\ge \int\limits f \, d\mu we instead show ∀0<c<1:c∫f dμ≤α\forall 0<c<1:c\int\limits f \, d\mu \le \alpha \end{proof}

Theorem (Countable Additivity is Necessary for MCT)

Countable additivity is a necessary condition for Monotone Convergence Theorem.

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